Geth VM Trace Transaction

GETH Trace for Txn Hash 0xcdddfa6e5cd805e2295145ae94de5c9e604edafb2c0a355f8893cd8e6df305df

Contract transaction successfully completed.

Raw traces

A total of 529 steps found

Step	PC	Operation	Gas	GasCost	Depth
[1]	0	PUSH1	49796	3	1
[2]	2	PUSH1	49793	3	1
[3]	4	MSTORE	49790	12	1
[4]	5	CALLDATASIZE	49778	2	1
[5]	6	PUSH2	49776	3	1
[6]	9	JUMPI	49773	10	1
[7]	19	JUMPDEST	49763	1	1
[8]	20	PUSH2	49762	3	1
[9]	23	JUMPDEST	49759	1	1
[10]	24	PUSH2	49758	3	1
[11]	27	PUSH2	49755	3	1
[12]	30	PUSH2	49752	3	1
[13]	33	JUMP	49749	8	1
[14]	94	JUMPDEST	49741	1	1
[15]	95	PUSH1	49740	3	1
[16]	97	PUSH2	49737	3	1
[17]	100	PUSH32	49734	3	1
[18]	133	SLOAD	49731	2100	1
[19]	134	PUSH1	47631	3	1
[20]	136	PUSH1	47628	3	1
[21]	138	PUSH1	47625	3	1
[22]	140	SHL	47622	3	1
[23]	141	SUB	47619	3	1
[24]	142	AND	47616	3	1
[25]	143	SWAP1	47613	3	1
[26]	144	JUMP	47610	8	1
[27]	145	JUMPDEST	47602	1	1
[28]	146	PUSH1	47601	3	1
[29]	148	PUSH1	47598	3	1
[30]	150	PUSH1	47595	3	1
[31]	152	SHL	47592	3	1
[32]	153	SUB	47589	3	1
[33]	154	AND	47586	3	1
[34]	155	PUSH4	47583	3	1
[35]	160	PUSH1	47580	3	1
[36]	162	MLOAD	47577	3	1
[37]	163	DUP2	47574	3	1
[38]	164	PUSH4	47571	3	1
[39]	169	AND	47568	3	1
[40]	170	PUSH1	47565	3	1
[41]	172	SHL	47562	3	1
[42]	173	DUP2	47559	3	1
[43]	174	MSTORE	47556	9	1
[44]	175	PUSH1	47547	3	1
[45]	177	ADD	47544	3	1
[46]	178	PUSH1	47541	3	1
[47]	180	PUSH1	47538	3	1
[48]	182	MLOAD	47535	3	1
[49]	183	DUP1	47532	3	1
[50]	184	DUP4	47529	3	1
[51]	185	SUB	47526	3	1
[52]	186	DUP2	47523	3	1
[53]	187	DUP7	47520	3	1
[54]	188	DUP1	47517	3	1
[55]	189	EXTCODESIZE	47514	2600	1
[56]	190	ISZERO	44914	3	1
[57]	191	DUP1	44911	3	1
[58]	192	ISZERO	44908	3	1
[59]	193	PUSH2	44905	3	1
[60]	196	JUMPI	44902	10	1
[61]	201	JUMPDEST	44892	1	1
[62]	202	POP	44891	2	1
[63]	203	GAS	44889	2	1
[64]	204	STATICCALL	44887	44188	1
[65]	0	PUSH1	44088	3	2
[66]	2	PUSH1	44085	3	2
[67]	4	MSTORE	44082	12	2
[68]	5	CALLDATASIZE	44070	2	2
[69]	6	PUSH2	44068	3	2
[70]	9	JUMPI	44065	10	2
[71]	19	JUMPDEST	44055	1	2
[72]	20	PUSH2	44054	3	2
[73]	23	JUMPDEST	44051	1	2
[74]	24	PUSH2	44050	3	2
[75]	27	PUSH2	44047	3	2
[76]	30	PUSH2	44044	3	2
[77]	33	JUMP	44041	8	2
[78]	94	JUMPDEST	44033	1	2
[79]	95	PUSH1	44032	3	2
[80]	97	PUSH2	44029	3	2
[81]	100	PUSH32	44026	3	2
[82]	133	SLOAD	44023	2100	2
[83]	134	PUSH1	41923	3	2
[84]	136	PUSH1	41920	3	2
[85]	138	PUSH1	41917	3	2
[86]	140	SHL	41914	3	2
[87]	141	SUB	41911	3	2
[88]	142	AND	41908	3	2
[89]	143	SWAP1	41905	3	2
[90]	144	JUMP	41902	8	2
[91]	145	JUMPDEST	41894	1	2
[92]	146	SWAP1	41893	3	2
[93]	147	POP	41890	2	2
[94]	148	SWAP1	41888	3	2
[95]	149	JUMP	41885	8	2
[96]	34	JUMPDEST	41877	1	2
[97]	35	PUSH2	41876	3	2
[98]	38	JUMP	41873	8	2
[99]	150	JUMPDEST	41865	1	2
[100]	151	CALLDATASIZE	41864	2	2
[101]	152	PUSH1	41862	3	2
[102]	154	DUP1	41859	3	2
[103]	155	CALLDATACOPY	41856	6	2
[104]	156	PUSH1	41850	3	2
[105]	158	DUP1	41847	3	2
[106]	159	CALLDATASIZE	41844	2	2
[107]	160	PUSH1	41842	3	2
[108]	162	DUP5	41839	3	2
[109]	163	GAS	41836	2	2
[110]	164	DELEGATECALL	41834	41221	2
[111]	0	PUSH1	38621	3	3
[112]	2	PUSH1	38618	3	3
[113]	4	MSTORE	38615	12	3
[114]	5	PUSH1	38603	3	3
[115]	7	CALLDATASIZE	38600	2	3
[116]	8	LT	38598	3	3
[117]	9	PUSH3	38595	3	3
[118]	13	JUMPI	38592	10	3
[119]	14	PUSH1	38582	3	3
[120]	16	CALLDATALOAD	38579	3	3
[121]	17	PUSH1	38576	3	3
[122]	19	SHR	38573	3	3
[123]	20	DUP1	38570	3	3
[124]	21	PUSH4	38567	3	3
[125]	26	GT	38564	3	3
[126]	27	PUSH3	38561	3	3
[127]	31	JUMPI	38558	10	3
[128]	351	JUMPDEST	38548	1	3
[129]	352	DUP1	38547	3	3
[130]	353	PUSH4	38544	3	3
[131]	358	GT	38541	3	3
[132]	359	PUSH3	38538	3	3
[133]	363	JUMPI	38535	10	3
[134]	364	DUP1	38525	3	3
[135]	365	PUSH4	38522	3	3
[136]	370	GT	38519	3	3
[137]	371	PUSH3	38516	3	3
[138]	375	JUMPI	38513	10	3
[139]	452	JUMPDEST	38503	1	3
[140]	453	DUP1	38502	3	3
[141]	454	PUSH4	38499	3	3
[142]	459	EQ	38496	3	3
[143]	460	PUSH3	38493	3	3
[144]	464	JUMPI	38490	10	3
[145]	465	DUP1	38480	3	3
[146]	466	PUSH4	38477	3	3
[147]	471	EQ	38474	3	3
[148]	472	PUSH3	38471	3	3
[149]	476	JUMPI	38468	10	3
[150]	477	DUP1	38458	3	3
[151]	478	PUSH4	38455	3	3
[152]	483	EQ	38452	3	3
[153]	484	PUSH3	38449	3	3
[154]	488	JUMPI	38446	10	3
[155]	1515	JUMPDEST	38436	1	3
[156]	1516	CALLVALUE	38435	2	3
[157]	1517	DUP1	38433	3	3
[158]	1518	ISZERO	38430	3	3
[159]	1519	PUSH3	38427	3	3
[160]	1523	JUMPI	38424	10	3
[161]	1528	JUMPDEST	38414	1	3
[162]	1529	POP	38413	2	3
[163]	1530	PUSH3	38411	3	3
[164]	1534	PUSH3	38408	3	3
[165]	1538	JUMP	38405	8	3
[166]	4693	JUMPDEST	38397	1	3
[167]	4694	PUSH1	38396	3	3
[168]	4696	PUSH3	38393	3	3
[169]	4700	PUSH1	38390	3	3
[170]	4702	SLOAD	38387	2100	3
[171]	4703	PUSH1	36287	3	3
[172]	4705	PUSH1	36284	3	3
[173]	4707	PUSH1	36281	3	3
[174]	4709	SHL	36278	3	3
[175]	4710	SUB	36275	3	3
[176]	4711	AND	36272	3	3
[177]	4712	SWAP1	36269	3	3
[178]	4713	JUMP	36266	8	3
[179]	4714	JUMPDEST	36258	1	3
[180]	4715	SWAP1	36257	3	3
[181]	4716	POP	36254	2	3
[182]	4717	SWAP1	36252	3	3
[183]	4718	JUMP	36249	8	3
[184]	1232	JUMPDEST	36241	1	3
[185]	1233	PUSH1	36240	3	3
[186]	1235	MLOAD	36237	3	3
[187]	1236	PUSH1	36234	3	3
[188]	1238	PUSH1	36231	3	3
[189]	1240	PUSH1	36228	3	3
[190]	1242	SHL	36225	3	3
[191]	1243	SUB	36222	3	3
[192]	1244	SWAP1	36219	3	3
[193]	1245	SWAP2	36216	3	3
[194]	1246	AND	36213	3	3
[195]	1247	DUP2	36210	3	3
[196]	1248	MSTORE	36207	9	3
[197]	1249	PUSH1	36198	3	3
[198]	1251	ADD	36195	3	3
[199]	1252	PUSH3	36192	3	3
[200]	1256	JUMP	36189	8	3
[201]	789	JUMPDEST	36181	1	3
[202]	790	PUSH1	36180	3	3
[203]	792	MLOAD	36177	3	3
[204]	793	DUP1	36174	3	3
[205]	794	SWAP2	36171	3	3
[206]	795	SUB	36168	3	3
[207]	796	SWAP1	36165	3	3
[208]	797	RETURN	36162	0	3
[209]	165	RETURNDATASIZE	36775	2	2
[210]	166	PUSH1	36773	3	2
[211]	168	DUP1	36770	3	2
[212]	169	RETURNDATACOPY	36767	6	2
[213]	170	DUP1	36761	3	2
[214]	171	DUP1	36758	3	2
[215]	172	ISZERO	36755	3	2
[216]	173	PUSH2	36752	3	2
[217]	176	JUMPI	36749	10	2
[218]	177	RETURNDATASIZE	36739	2	2
[219]	178	PUSH1	36737	3	2
[220]	180	RETURN	36734	0	2
[221]	205	ISZERO	37433	3	1
[222]	206	DUP1	37430	3	1
[223]	207	ISZERO	37427	3	1
[224]	208	PUSH2	37424	3	1
[225]	211	JUMPI	37421	10	1
[226]	221	JUMPDEST	37411	1	1
[227]	222	POP	37410	2	1
[228]	223	POP	37408	2	1
[229]	224	POP	37406	2	1
[230]	225	POP	37404	2	1
[231]	226	PUSH1	37402	3	1
[232]	228	MLOAD	37399	3	1
[233]	229	RETURNDATASIZE	37396	2	1
[234]	230	PUSH1	37394	3	1
[235]	232	NOT	37391	3	1
[236]	233	PUSH1	37388	3	1
[237]	235	DUP3	37385	3	1
[238]	236	ADD	37382	3	1
[239]	237	AND	37379	3	1
[240]	238	DUP3	37376	3	1
[241]	239	ADD	37373	3	1
[242]	240	DUP1	37370	3	1
[243]	241	PUSH1	37367	3	1
[244]	243	MSTORE	37364	3	1
[245]	244	POP	37361	2	1
[246]	245	DUP2	37359	3	1
[247]	246	ADD	37356	3	1
[248]	247	SWAP1	37353	3	1
[249]	248	PUSH2	37350	3	1
[250]	251	SWAP2	37347	3	1
[251]	252	SWAP1	37344	3	1
[252]	253	PUSH2	37341	3	1
[253]	256	JUMP	37338	8	1
[254]	572	JUMPDEST	37330	1	1
[255]	573	PUSH1	37329	3	1
[256]	575	PUSH1	37326	3	1
[257]	577	DUP3	37323	3	1
[258]	578	DUP5	37320	3	1
[259]	579	SUB	37317	3	1
[260]	580	SLT	37314	3	1
[261]	581	ISZERO	37311	3	1
[262]	582	PUSH2	37308	3	1
[263]	585	JUMPI	37305	10	1
[264]	589	JUMPDEST	37295	1	1
[265]	590	DUP2	37294	3	1
[266]	591	MLOAD	37291	3	1
[267]	592	PUSH1	37288	3	1
[268]	594	PUSH1	37285	3	1
[269]	596	PUSH1	37282	3	1
[270]	598	SHL	37279	3	1
[271]	599	SUB	37276	3	1
[272]	600	DUP2	37273	3	1
[273]	601	AND	37270	3	1
[274]	602	DUP2	37267	3	1
[275]	603	EQ	37264	3	1
[276]	604	PUSH2	37261	3	1
[277]	607	JUMPI	37258	10	1
[278]	78	JUMPDEST	37248	1	1
[279]	79	SWAP4	37247	3	1
[280]	80	SWAP3	37244	3	1
[281]	81	POP	37241	2	1
[282]	82	POP	37239	2	1
[283]	83	POP	37237	2	1
[284]	84	JUMP	37235	8	1
[285]	257	JUMPDEST	37227	1	1
[286]	258	SWAP1	37226	3	1
[287]	259	POP	37223	2	1
[288]	260	SWAP1	37221	3	1
[289]	261	JUMP	37218	8	1
[290]	34	JUMPDEST	37210	1	1
[291]	35	PUSH2	37209	3	1
[292]	38	JUMP	37206	8	1
[293]	262	JUMPDEST	37198	1	1
[294]	263	CALLDATASIZE	37197	2	1
[295]	264	PUSH1	37195	3	1
[296]	266	DUP1	37192	3	1
[297]	267	CALLDATACOPY	37189	12	1
[298]	268	PUSH1	37177	3	1
[299]	270	DUP1	37174	3	1
[300]	271	CALLDATASIZE	37171	2	1
[301]	272	PUSH1	37169	3	1
[302]	274	DUP5	37166	3	1
[303]	275	GAS	37163	2	1
[304]	276	DELEGATECALL	37161	36621	1
[305]	0	PUSH1	34021	3	2
[306]	2	PUSH1	34018	3	2
[307]	4	MSTORE	34015	12	2
[308]	5	CALLVALUE	34003	2	2
[309]	6	DUP1	34001	3	2
[310]	7	ISZERO	33998	3	2
[311]	8	PUSH2	33995	3	2
[312]	11	JUMPI	33992	10	2
[313]	16	JUMPDEST	33982	1	2
[314]	17	POP	33981	2	2
[315]	18	PUSH1	33979	3	2
[316]	20	CALLDATASIZE	33976	2	2
[317]	21	LT	33974	3	2
[318]	22	PUSH2	33971	3	2
[319]	25	JUMPI	33968	10	2
[320]	26	PUSH1	33958	3	2
[321]	28	CALLDATALOAD	33955	3	2
[322]	29	PUSH1	33952	3	2
[323]	31	SHR	33949	3	2
[324]	32	DUP1	33946	3	2
[325]	33	PUSH4	33943	3	2
[326]	38	GT	33940	3	2
[327]	39	PUSH2	33937	3	2
[328]	42	JUMPI	33934	10	2
[329]	184	JUMPDEST	33924	1	2
[330]	185	DUP1	33923	3	2
[331]	186	PUSH4	33920	3	2
[332]	191	GT	33917	3	2
[333]	192	PUSH2	33914	3	2
[334]	195	JUMPI	33911	10	2
[335]	266	JUMPDEST	33901	1	2
[336]	267	DUP1	33900	3	2
[337]	268	PUSH4	33897	3	2
[338]	273	EQ	33894	3	2
[339]	274	PUSH2	33891	3	2
[340]	277	JUMPI	33888	10	2
[341]	278	DUP1	33878	3	2
[342]	279	PUSH4	33875	3	2
[343]	284	EQ	33872	3	2
[344]	285	PUSH2	33869	3	2
[345]	288	JUMPI	33866	10	2
[346]	357	JUMPDEST	33856	1	2
[347]	358	PUSH2	33855	3	2
[348]	361	PUSH2	33852	3	2
[349]	364	CALLDATASIZE	33849	2	2
[350]	365	PUSH1	33847	3	2
[351]	367	PUSH2	33844	3	2
[352]	370	JUMP	33841	8	2
[353]	5802	JUMPDEST	33833	1	2
[354]	5803	PUSH1	33832	3	2
[355]	5805	DUP1	33829	3	2
[356]	5806	PUSH1	33826	3	2
[357]	5808	DUP4	33823	3	2
[358]	5809	DUP6	33820	3	2
[359]	5810	SUB	33817	3	2
[360]	5811	SLT	33814	3	2
[361]	5812	ISZERO	33811	3	2
[362]	5813	PUSH2	33808	3	2
[363]	5816	JUMPI	33805	10	2
[364]	5820	JUMPDEST	33795	1	2
[365]	5821	PUSH2	33794	3	2
[366]	5824	DUP4	33791	3	2
[367]	5825	PUSH2	33788	3	2
[368]	5828	JUMP	33785	8	2
[369]	5351	JUMPDEST	33777	1	2
[370]	5352	DUP1	33776	3	2
[371]	5353	CALLDATALOAD	33773	3	2
[372]	5354	PUSH1	33770	3	2
[373]	5356	PUSH1	33767	3	2
[374]	5358	PUSH1	33764	3	2
[375]	5360	SHL	33761	3	2
[376]	5361	SUB	33758	3	2
[377]	5362	DUP2	33755	3	2
[378]	5363	AND	33752	3	2
[379]	5364	DUP2	33749	3	2
[380]	5365	EQ	33746	3	2
[381]	5366	PUSH2	33743	3	2
[382]	5369	JUMPI	33740	10	2
[383]	5374	JUMPDEST	33730	1	2
[384]	5375	SWAP2	33729	3	2
[385]	5376	SWAP1	33726	3	2
[386]	5377	POP	33723	2	2
[387]	5378	JUMP	33721	8	2
[388]	5829	JUMPDEST	33713	1	2
[389]	5830	SWAP5	33712	3	2
[390]	5831	PUSH1	33709	3	2
[391]	5833	SWAP4	33706	3	2
[392]	5834	SWAP1	33703	3	2
[393]	5835	SWAP4	33700	3	2
[394]	5836	ADD	33697	3	2
[395]	5837	CALLDATALOAD	33694	3	2
[396]	5838	SWAP4	33691	3	2
[397]	5839	POP	33688	2	2
[398]	5840	POP	33686	2	2
[399]	5841	POP	33684	2	2
[400]	5842	JUMP	33682	8	2
[401]	371	JUMPDEST	33674	1	2
[402]	372	PUSH2	33673	3	2
[403]	375	JUMP	33670	8	2
[404]	980	JUMPDEST	33662	1	2
[405]	981	PUSH1	33661	3	2
[406]	983	PUSH2	33658	3	2
[407]	986	CALLER	33655	2	2
[408]	987	DUP5	33653	3	2
[409]	988	DUP5	33650	3	2
[410]	989	PUSH2	33647	3	2
[411]	992	JUMP	33644	8	2
[412]	2387	JUMPDEST	33636	1	2
[413]	2388	PUSH1	33635	3	2
[414]	2390	PUSH1	33632	3	2
[415]	2392	PUSH1	33629	3	2
[416]	2394	SHL	33626	3	2
[417]	2395	SUB	33623	3	2
[418]	2396	DUP4	33620	3	2
[419]	2397	AND	33617	3	2
[420]	2398	PUSH2	33614	3	2
[421]	2401	JUMPI	33611	10	2
[422]	2485	JUMPDEST	33601	1	2
[423]	2486	PUSH1	33600	3	2
[424]	2488	PUSH1	33597	3	2
[425]	2490	PUSH1	33594	3	2
[426]	2492	SHL	33591	3	2
[427]	2493	SUB	33588	3	2
[428]	2494	DUP3	33585	3	2
[429]	2495	AND	33582	3	2
[430]	2496	PUSH2	33579	3	2
[431]	2499	JUMPI	33576	10	2
[432]	2582	JUMPDEST	33566	1	2
[433]	2583	PUSH1	33565	3	2
[434]	2585	PUSH1	33562	3	2
[435]	2587	PUSH1	33559	3	2
[436]	2589	SHL	33556	3	2
[437]	2590	SUB	33553	3	2
[438]	2591	DUP4	33550	3	2
[439]	2592	DUP2	33547	3	2
[440]	2593	AND	33544	3	2
[441]	2594	PUSH1	33541	3	2
[442]	2596	DUP2	33538	3	2
[443]	2597	DUP2	33535	3	2
[444]	2598	MSTORE	33532	3	2
[445]	2599	PUSH1	33529	3	2
[446]	2601	PUSH1	33526	3	2
[447]	2603	SWAP1	33523	3	2
[448]	2604	DUP2	33520	3	2
[449]	2605	MSTORE	33517	3	2
[450]	2606	PUSH1	33514	3	2
[451]	2608	DUP1	33511	3	2
[452]	2609	DUP4	33508	3	2
[453]	2610	KECCAK256	33505	42	2
[454]	2611	SWAP5	33463	3	2
[455]	2612	DUP8	33460	3	2
[456]	2613	AND	33457	3	2
[457]	2614	DUP1	33454	3	2
[458]	2615	DUP5	33451	3	2
[459]	2616	MSTORE	33448	3	2
[460]	2617	SWAP5	33445	3	2
[461]	2618	DUP3	33442	3	2
[462]	2619	MSTORE	33439	3	2
[463]	2620	SWAP2	33436	3	2
[464]	2621	DUP3	33433	3	2
[465]	2622	SWAP1	33430	3	2
[466]	2623	KECCAK256	33427	42	2
[467]	2624	DUP6	33385	3	2
[468]	2625	SWAP1	33382	3	2
[469]	2626	SSTORE	33379	22100	2
[470]	2627	SWAP1	11279	3	2
[471]	2628	MLOAD	11276	3	2
[472]	2629	DUP5	11273	3	2
[473]	2630	DUP2	11270	3	2
[474]	2631	MSTORE	11267	9	2
[475]	2632	PUSH32	11258	3	2
[476]	2665	SWAP2	11255	3	2
[477]	2666	ADD	11252	3	2
[478]	2667	JUMPDEST	11249	1	2
[479]	2668	PUSH1	11248	3	2
[480]	2670	MLOAD	11245	3	2
[481]	2671	DUP1	11242	3	2
[482]	2672	SWAP2	11239	3	2
[483]	2673	SUB	11236	3	2
[484]	2674	SWAP1	11233	3	2
[485]	2675	LOG3	11230	1756	2
[486]	2676	POP	9474	2	2
[487]	2677	POP	9472	2	2
[488]	2678	POP	9470	2	2
[489]	2679	JUMP	9468	8	2
[490]	993	JUMPDEST	9460	1	2
[491]	994	POP	9459	2	2
[492]	995	PUSH1	9457	3	2
[493]	997	SWAP3	9454	3	2
[494]	998	SWAP2	9451	3	2
[495]	999	POP	9448	2	2
[496]	1000	POP	9446	2	2
[497]	1001	JUMP	9444	8	2
[498]	376	JUMPDEST	9436	1	2
[499]	377	PUSH1	9435	3	2
[500]	379	MLOAD	9432	3	2
[501]	380	SWAP1	9429	3	2
[502]	381	ISZERO	9426	3	2
[503]	382	ISZERO	9423	3	2
[504]	383	DUP2	9420	3	2
[505]	384	MSTORE	9417	3	2
[506]	385	PUSH1	9414	3	2
[507]	387	ADD	9411	3	2
[508]	388	PUSH2	9408	3	2
[509]	391	JUMP	9405	8	2
[510]	348	JUMPDEST	9397	1	2
[511]	349	PUSH1	9396	3	2
[512]	351	MLOAD	9393	3	2
[513]	352	DUP1	9390	3	2
[514]	353	SWAP2	9387	3	2
[515]	354	SUB	9384	3	2
[516]	355	SWAP1	9381	3	2
[517]	356	RETURN	9378	0	2
[518]	277	RETURNDATASIZE	9918	2	1
[519]	278	PUSH1	9916	3	1
[520]	280	DUP1	9913	3	1
[521]	281	RETURNDATACOPY	9910	6	1
[522]	282	DUP1	9904	3	1
[523]	283	DUP1	9901	3	1
[524]	284	ISZERO	9898	3	1
[525]	285	PUSH2	9895	3	1
[526]	288	JUMPI	9892	10	1
[527]	289	RETURNDATASIZE	9882	2	1
[528]	290	PUSH1	9880	3	1
[529]	292	RETURN	9877	0	1

Tools & Services

Geth VM Trace Transaction