// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity 0.6.10;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
 * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
 * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
 * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
 * operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0, errorMessage);
        return a % b;
    }
}

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @title Ownable is a contract the provides contract ownership functionality, including a two-
 * phase transfer.
 */
contract Ownable {
    address private _owner;
    address private _authorizedNewOwner;

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the owner authorizes ownership transfer to a new address
     * @param authorizedAddress New owner address
     */
    event OwnershipTransferAuthorization(address indexed authorizedAddress);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the authorized address assumed ownership
     * @param oldValue Old owner
     * @param newValue New owner
     */
    event OwnerUpdate(address indexed oldValue, address indexed newValue);

    /**
     * @notice Sets the owner to the sender / contract creator
     */
    constructor() internal {
        _owner = msg.sender;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the owner of the contract
     * @return The contract owner
     */
    function owner() public view returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the authorized new owner of the contract
     * @return The authorized new contract owner
     */
    function authorizedNewOwner() public view returns (address) {
        return _authorizedNewOwner;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Authorizes the transfer of ownership from owner to the provided address.
     * NOTE: No transfer will occur unless authorizedAddress calls assumeOwnership().
     * This authorization may be removed by another call to this function authorizing the zero
     * address.
     * @param _authorizedAddress The address authorized to become the new owner
     */
    function authorizeOwnershipTransfer(address _authorizedAddress) external {
        require(msg.sender == _owner, "Invalid sender");

        _authorizedNewOwner = _authorizedAddress;

        emit OwnershipTransferAuthorization(_authorizedNewOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfers ownership of this contract to the _authorizedNewOwner
     * @dev Error invalid sender.
     */
    function assumeOwnership() external {
        require(msg.sender == _authorizedNewOwner, "Invalid sender");

        address oldValue = _owner;
        _owner = _authorizedNewOwner;
        _authorizedNewOwner = address(0);

        emit OwnerUpdate(oldValue, _owner);
    }
}

abstract contract ERC1820Registry {
    function setInterfaceImplementer(
        address _addr,
        bytes32 _interfaceHash,
        address _implementer
    ) external virtual;

    function getInterfaceImplementer(address _addr, bytes32 _interfaceHash)
        external
        virtual
        view
        returns (address);

    function setManager(address _addr, address _newManager) external virtual;

    function getManager(address _addr) public virtual view returns (address);
}

/// Base client to interact with the registry.
contract ERC1820Client {
    ERC1820Registry constant ERC1820REGISTRY = ERC1820Registry(
        0x1820a4B7618BdE71Dce8cdc73aAB6C95905faD24
    );

    function setInterfaceImplementation(
        string memory _interfaceLabel,
        address _implementation
    ) internal {
        bytes32 interfaceHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_interfaceLabel));
        ERC1820REGISTRY.setInterfaceImplementer(
            address(this),
            interfaceHash,
            _implementation
        );
    }

    function interfaceAddr(address addr, string memory _interfaceLabel)
        internal
        view
        returns (address)
    {
        bytes32 interfaceHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_interfaceLabel));
        return ERC1820REGISTRY.getInterfaceImplementer(addr, interfaceHash);
    }

    function delegateManagement(address _newManager) internal {
        ERC1820REGISTRY.setManager(address(this), _newManager);
    }
}

contract ERC1820Implementer {
    /**
     * @dev ERC1820 well defined magic value indicating the contract has
     * registered with the ERC1820Registry that it can implement an interface.
     */
    bytes32 constant ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC = keccak256(
        abi.encodePacked("ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC")
    );

    /**
     * @dev Mapping of interface name keccak256 hashes for which this contract
     * implements the interface.
     * @dev Only settable internally.
     */
    mapping(bytes32 => bool) internal _interfaceHashes;

    /**
     * @notice Indicates whether the contract implements the interface `_interfaceHash`
     * for the address `_addr`.
     * @param _interfaceHash keccak256 hash of the name of the interface.
     * @return ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC only if the contract implements `ìnterfaceHash`
     * for the address `_addr`.
     * @dev In this implementation, the `_addr` (the address for which the
     * contract will implement the interface) is always `address(this)`.
     */
    function canImplementInterfaceForAddress(
        bytes32 _interfaceHash,
        address // Comments to avoid compilation warnings for unused variables. /*addr*/
    ) external view returns (bytes32) {
        if (_interfaceHashes[_interfaceHash]) {
            return ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC;
        } else {
            return "";
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internally set the fact this contract implements the interface
     * identified by `_interfaceLabel`
     * @param _interfaceLabel String representation of the interface.
     */
    function _setInterface(string memory _interfaceLabel) internal {
        _interfaceHashes[keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_interfaceLabel))] = true;
    }
}

/**
 * @title IAmpTokensSender
 * @dev IAmpTokensSender token transfer hook interface
 */
interface IAmpTokensSender {
    /**
     * @dev Report if the transfer will succeed from the pespective of the
     * token sender
     */
    function canTransfer(
        bytes4 functionSig,
        bytes32 partition,
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes calldata operatorData
    ) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Hook executed upon a transfer on behalf of the sender
     */
    function tokensToTransfer(
        bytes4 functionSig,
        bytes32 partition,
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes calldata operatorData
    ) external;
}

/**
 * @title IAmpTokensRecipient
 * @dev IAmpTokensRecipient token transfer hook interface
 */
interface IAmpTokensRecipient {
    /**
     * @dev Report if the recipient will successfully receive the tokens
     */
    function canReceive(
        bytes4 functionSig,
        bytes32 partition,
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes calldata operatorData
    ) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Hook executed upon a transfer to the recipient
     */
    function tokensReceived(
        bytes4 functionSig,
        bytes32 partition,
        address operator,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes calldata operatorData
    ) external;
}

/**
 * @notice Partition strategy validator hooks for Amp
 */
interface IAmpPartitionStrategyValidator {
    function tokensFromPartitionToValidate(
        bytes4 _functionSig,
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes calldata _data,
        bytes calldata _operatorData
    ) external;

    function tokensToPartitionToValidate(
        bytes4 _functionSig,
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes calldata _data,
        bytes calldata _operatorData
    ) external;

    function isOperatorForPartitionScope(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _tokenHolder
    ) external view returns (bool);
}

/**
 * @title PartitionUtils
 * @notice Partition related helper functions.
 */

library PartitionUtils {
    bytes32 public constant CHANGE_PARTITION_FLAG = 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff;

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve the destination partition from the 'data' field.
     * A partition change is requested ONLY when 'data' starts with the flag:
     *
     *   0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
     *
     * When the flag is detected, the destination partition is extracted from the
     * 32 bytes following the flag.
     * @param _data Information attached to the transfer. Will contain the
     * destination partition if a change is requested.
     * @param _fallbackPartition Partition value to return if a partition change
     * is not requested in the `_data`.
     * @return toPartition Destination partition. If the `_data` does not contain
     * the prefix and bytes32 partition in the first 64 bytes, the method will
     * return the provided `_fromPartition`.
     */
    function _getDestinationPartition(bytes memory _data, bytes32 _fallbackPartition)
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes32)
    {
        if (_data.length < 64) {
            return _fallbackPartition;
        }

        (bytes32 flag, bytes32 toPartition) = abi.decode(_data, (bytes32, bytes32));
        if (flag == CHANGE_PARTITION_FLAG) {
            return toPartition;
        }

        return _fallbackPartition;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Helper to get the strategy identifying prefix from the `_partition`.
     * @param _partition Partition to get the prefix for.
     * @return 4 byte partition strategy prefix.
     */
    function _getPartitionPrefix(bytes32 _partition) internal pure returns (bytes4) {
        return bytes4(_partition);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Helper method to split the partition into the prefix, sub partition
     * and partition owner components.
     * @param _partition The partition to split into parts.
     * @return The 4 byte partition prefix, 8 byte sub partition, and final 20
     * bytes representing an address.
     */
    function _splitPartition(bytes32 _partition)
        internal
        pure
        returns (
            bytes4,
            bytes8,
            address
        )
    {
        bytes4 prefix = bytes4(_partition);
        bytes8 subPartition = bytes8(_partition << 32);
        address addressPart = address(uint160(uint256(_partition)));
        return (prefix, subPartition, addressPart);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Helper method to get a partition strategy ERC1820 interface name
     * based on partition prefix.
     * @param _prefix 4 byte partition prefix.
     * @dev Each 4 byte prefix has a unique interface name so that an individual
     * hook implementation can be set for each prefix.
     */
    function _getPartitionStrategyValidatorIName(bytes4 _prefix)
        internal
        pure
        returns (string memory)
    {
        return string(abi.encodePacked("AmpPartitionStrategyValidator", _prefix));
    }
}

/**
 * @title ErrorCodes
 * @notice Amp error codes.
 */
contract ErrorCodes {
    string internal EC_50_TRANSFER_FAILURE = "50";
    string internal EC_51_TRANSFER_SUCCESS = "51";
    string internal EC_52_INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE = "52";
    string internal EC_53_INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE = "53";

    string internal EC_56_INVALID_SENDER = "56";
    string internal EC_57_INVALID_RECEIVER = "57";
    string internal EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR = "58";

    string internal EC_59_INSUFFICIENT_RIGHTS = "59";

    string internal EC_5A_INVALID_SWAP_TOKEN_ADDRESS = "5A";
    string internal EC_5B_INVALID_VALUE_0 = "5B";
    string internal EC_5C_ADDRESS_CONFLICT = "5C";
    string internal EC_5D_PARTITION_RESERVED = "5D";
    string internal EC_5E_PARTITION_PREFIX_CONFLICT = "5E";
    string internal EC_5F_INVALID_PARTITION_PREFIX_0 = "5F";
    string internal EC_60_SWAP_TRANSFER_FAILURE = "60";
}

interface ISwapToken {
    function allowance(address owner, address spender)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256 remaining);

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) external returns (bool success);
}

/**
 * @title Amp
 * @notice Amp is an ERC20 compatible collateral token designed to support
 * multiple classes of collateralization systems.
 * @dev The Amp token contract includes the following features:
 *
 * Partitions
 *   Tokens can be segmented within a given address by "partition", which in
 *   pracice is a 32 byte identifier. These partitions can have unique
 *   permissions globally, through the using of partition strategies, and
 *   locally, on a per address basis. The ability to create the sub-segments
 *   of tokens and assign special behavior gives collateral managers
 *   flexibility in how they are implemented.
 *
 * Operators
 *   Inspired by ERC777, Amp allows token holders to assign "operators" on
 *   all (or any number of partitions) of their tokens. Operators are allowed
 *   to execute transfers on behalf of token owners without the need to use the
 *   ERC20 "allowance" semantics.
 *
 * Transfers with Data
 *   Inspired by ERC777, Amp transfers can include arbitrary data, as well as
 *   operator data. This data can be used to change the partition of tokens,
 *   be used by collateral manager hooks to validate a transfer, be propagated
 *   via event to an off chain system, etc.
 *
 * Token Transfer Hooks on Send and Receive
 *   Inspired by ERC777, Amp uses the ERC1820 Registry to allow collateral
 *   manager implementations to register hooks to be called upon sending to
 *   or transferring from the collateral manager's address or, using partition
 *   strategies, owned partition space. The hook implementations can be used
 *   to validate transfer properties, gate transfers, emit custom events,
 *   update local state, etc.
 *
 * Collateral Management Partition Strategies
 *   Amp is able to define certain sets of partitions, identified by a 4 byte
 *   prefix, that will allow special, custom logic to be executed when transfers
 *   are made to or from those partitions. This opens up the possibility of
 *   entire classes of collateral management systems that would not be possible
 *   without it.
 *
 * These features give collateral manager implementers flexibility while
 * providing a consistent, "collateral-in-place", interface for interacting
 * with collateral systems directly through the Amp contract.
 */
contract Amp is IERC20, ERC1820Client, ERC1820Implementer, ErrorCodes, Ownable {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************** ERC1820 Interface Constants ***********************/

    /**
     * @dev AmpToken interface label.
     */
    string internal constant AMP_INTERFACE_NAME = "AmpToken";

    /**
     * @dev ERC20Token interface label.
     */
    string internal constant ERC20_INTERFACE_NAME = "ERC20Token";

    /**
     * @dev AmpTokensSender interface label.
     */
    string internal constant AMP_TOKENS_SENDER = "AmpTokensSender";

    /**
     * @dev AmpTokensRecipient interface label.
     */
    string internal constant AMP_TOKENS_RECIPIENT = "AmpTokensRecipient";

    /**
     * @dev AmpTokensChecker interface label.
     */
    string internal constant AMP_TOKENS_CHECKER = "AmpTokensChecker";

    /**************************************************************************/
    /*************************** Token properties *****************************/

    /**
     * @dev Token name (Amp).
     */
    string internal _name;

    /**
     * @dev Token symbol (AMP).
     */
    string internal _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Total minted supply of token. This will increase comensurately with
     * successful swaps of the swap token.
     */
    uint256 internal _totalSupply;

    /**
     * @dev The granularity of the token. Hard coded to 1.
     */
    uint256 internal constant _granularity = 1;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /***************************** Token mappings *****************************/

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from tokenHolder to balance. This reflects the balance
     * across all partitions of an address.
     */
    mapping(address => uint256) internal _balances;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Partition mappings ****************************/

    /**
     * @dev List of active partitions. This list reflects all partitions that
     * have tokens assigned to them.
     */
    bytes32[] internal _totalPartitions;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from partition to their index.
     */
    mapping(bytes32 => uint256) internal _indexOfTotalPartitions;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from partition to global balance of corresponding partition.
     */
    mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public totalSupplyByPartition;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from tokenHolder to their partitions.
     */
    mapping(address => bytes32[]) internal _partitionsOf;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from (tokenHolder, partition) to their index.
     */
    mapping(address => mapping(bytes32 => uint256)) internal _indexOfPartitionsOf;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from (tokenHolder, partition) to balance of corresponding
     * partition.
     */
    mapping(address => mapping(bytes32 => uint256)) internal _balanceOfByPartition;

    /**
     * @notice Default partition of the token.
     * @dev All ERC20 operations operate solely on this partition.
     */
    bytes32
        public constant defaultPartition = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

    /**
     * @dev Zero partition prefix. Parititions with this prefix can not have
     * a strategy assigned, and partitions with a different prefix must have one.
     */
    bytes4 internal constant ZERO_PREFIX = 0x00000000;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /***************************** Operator mappings **************************/

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from (tokenHolder, operator) to authorized status. This is
     * specific to the token holder.
     */
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) internal _authorizedOperator;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************** Partition operator mappings ***********************/

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from (partition, tokenHolder, spender) to allowed value.
     * This is specific to the token holder.
     */
    mapping(bytes32 => mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)))
        internal _allowedByPartition;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping from (tokenHolder, partition, operator) to 'approved for
     * partition' status. This is specific to the token holder.
     */
    mapping(address => mapping(bytes32 => mapping(address => bool)))
        internal _authorizedOperatorByPartition;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************** Collateral Manager mappings ***********************/
    /**
     * @notice Collection of registered collateral managers.
     */
    address[] public collateralManagers;
    /**
     * @dev Mapping of collateral manager addresses to registration status.
     */
    mapping(address => bool) internal _isCollateralManager;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************* Partition Strategy mappings ************************/

    /**
     * @notice Collection of reserved partition strategies.
     */
    bytes4[] public partitionStrategies;

    /**
     * @dev Mapping of partition strategy flag to registration status.
     */
    mapping(bytes4 => bool) internal _isPartitionStrategy;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /***************************** Swap storage *******************************/

    /**
     * @notice Swap token address. Immutable.
     */
    ISwapToken public swapToken;

    /**
     * @notice Swap token graveyard address.
     * @dev This is the address that the incoming swapped tokens will be
     * forwarded to upon successfully minting Amp.
     */
    address
        public constant swapTokenGraveyard = 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD;

    /**************************************************************************/
    /** EVENTS ****************************************************************/
    /**************************************************************************/

    /**************************************************************************/
    /**************************** Transfer Events *****************************/

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a transfer has been successfully completed.
     * @param fromPartition The partition the tokens were transfered from.
     * @param operator The address that initiated the transfer.
     * @param from The address the tokens were transferred from.
     * @param to The address the tokens were transferred to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens transferred.
     * @param data Additional metadata included with the transfer. Can include
     * the partition the tokens were transferred to (if different than
     * `fromPartition`).
     * @param operatorData Additional metadata included with the transfer on
     * behalf of the operator.
     */
    event TransferByPartition(
        bytes32 indexed fromPartition,
        address operator,
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes data,
        bytes operatorData
    );

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a transfer has been successfully completed and the
     * tokens that were transferred have changed partitions.
     * @param fromPartition The partition the tokens were transfered from.
     * @param toPartition The partition the tokens were transfered to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens transferred.
     */
    event ChangedPartition(
        bytes32 indexed fromPartition,
        bytes32 indexed toPartition,
        uint256 value
    );

    /**************************************************************************/
    /**************************** Operator Events *****************************/

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a token holder specifies an amount of tokens in a
     * a partition that an operator can transfer.
     * @param partition The partition of the tokens the holder has authorized the
     * operator to transfer from.
     * @param owner The token holder.
     * @param spender The operator the `owner` has authorized the allowance for.
     */
    event ApprovalByPartition(
        bytes32 indexed partition,
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed spender,
        uint256 value
    );

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a token holder has authorized an operator for their
     * tokens.
     * @dev This event applies to the token holder address across all partitions.
     * @param operator The address that was authorized to transfer tokens on
     * behalf of the `tokenHolder`.
     * @param tokenHolder The address that authorized the `operator` to transfer
     * their tokens.
     */
    event AuthorizedOperator(address indexed operator, address indexed tokenHolder);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a token holder has de-authorized an operator from
     * transferring their tokens.
     * @dev This event applies to the token holder address across all partitions.
     * @param operator The address that was de-authorized from transferring tokens
     * on behalf of the `tokenHolder`.
     * @param tokenHolder The address that revoked the `operator`'s permission
     * to transfer their tokens.
     */
    event RevokedOperator(address indexed operator, address indexed tokenHolder);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a token holder has authorized an operator to transfer
     * their tokens of one partition.
     * @param partition The partition the `operator` is allowed to transfer
     * tokens from.
     * @param operator The address that was authorized to transfer tokens on
     * behalf of the `tokenHolder`.
     * @param tokenHolder The address that authorized the `operator` to transfer
     * their tokens in `partition`.
     */
    event AuthorizedOperatorByPartition(
        bytes32 indexed partition,
        address indexed operator,
        address indexed tokenHolder
    );

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a token holder has de-authorized an operator from
     * transferring their tokens from a specific partition.
     * @param partition The partition the `operator` is no longer allowed to
     * transfer tokens from on behalf of the `tokenHolder`.
     * @param operator The address that was de-authorized from transferring
     * tokens on behalf of the `tokenHolder`.
     * @param tokenHolder The address that revoked the `operator`'s permission
     * to transfer their tokens from `partition`.
     */
    event RevokedOperatorByPartition(
        bytes32 indexed partition,
        address indexed operator,
        address indexed tokenHolder
    );

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************** Collateral Manager Events *************************/

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a collateral manager has been registered.
     * @param collateralManager The address of the collateral manager.
     */
    event CollateralManagerRegistered(address collateralManager);

    /**************************************************************************/
    /*********************** Partition Strategy Events ************************/

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a new partition strategy validator is set.
     * @param flag The 4 byte prefix of the partitions that the stratgy affects.
     * @param name The name of the partition strategy.
     * @param implementation The address of the partition strategy hook
     * implementation.
     */
    event PartitionStrategySet(bytes4 flag, string name, address indexed implementation);

    // ************** Mint & Swap **************

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when tokens are minted as a result of a token swap
     * @param operator Address that executed the swap that resulted in tokens being minted
     * @param to Address that received the newly minted tokens.
     * @param value Amount of tokens minted
     * @param data Empty bytes, required for interface compatibility
     */
    event Minted(address indexed operator, address indexed to, uint256 value, bytes data);

    /**
     * @notice Indicates tokens swapped for Amp.
     * @dev The tokens that are swapped for Amp will be transferred to a
     * graveyard address that is for all practical purposes inaccessible.
     * @param operator Address that executed the swap.
     * @param from Address that the tokens were swapped from, and Amp minted for.
     * @param value Amount of tokens swapped into Amp.
     */
    event Swap(address indexed operator, address indexed from, uint256 value);

    /**************************************************************************/
    /** CONSTRUCTOR ***********************************************************/
    /**************************************************************************/

    /**
     * @notice Initialize Amp, initialize the default partition, and register the
     * contract implementation in the global ERC1820Registry.
     * @param _swapTokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token that is set to be
     * swappable for Amp.
     * @param _name_ Name of the token.
     * @param _symbol_ Symbol of the token.
     */
    constructor(
        address _swapTokenAddress_,
        string memory _name_,
        string memory _symbol_
    ) public {
        // "Swap token cannot be 0 address"
        require(_swapTokenAddress_ != address(0), EC_5A_INVALID_SWAP_TOKEN_ADDRESS);
        swapToken = ISwapToken(_swapTokenAddress_);

        _name = _name_;
        _symbol = _symbol_;
        _totalSupply = 0;

        // Add the default partition to the total partitions on deploy
        _addPartitionToTotalPartitions(defaultPartition);

        // Register contract in ERC1820 registry
        ERC1820Client.setInterfaceImplementation(AMP_INTERFACE_NAME, address(this));
        ERC1820Client.setInterfaceImplementation(ERC20_INTERFACE_NAME, address(this));

        // Indicate token verifies Amp and ERC20 interfaces
        ERC1820Implementer._setInterface(AMP_INTERFACE_NAME);
        ERC1820Implementer._setInterface(ERC20_INTERFACE_NAME);
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /** EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS (ERC20) ********************************************/
    /**************************************************************************/

    /**
     * @notice Get the total number of issued tokens.
     * @return Total supply of tokens currently in circulation.
     */
    function totalSupply() external override view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get the balance of the account with address `_tokenHolder`.
     * @dev This returns the balance of the holder across all partitions. Note
     * that due to other functionality in Amp, this figure should not be used
     * as the arbiter of the amount a token holder will successfully be able to
     * send via the ERC20 compatible `transfer` method. In order to get that
     * figure, use `balanceOfByParition` and to get the balance of the default
     * partition.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address for which the balance is returned.
     * @return Amount of token held by `_tokenHolder` in the default partition.
     */
    function balanceOf(address _tokenHolder) external override view returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[_tokenHolder];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfer token for a specified address.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * balance of the `msg.sender` address's default partition.
     * @param _to The address to transfer to.
     * @param _value The value to be transferred.
     * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
     */
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) external override returns (bool) {
        _transferByDefaultPartition(msg.sender, msg.sender, _to, _value, "");
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfer tokens from one address to another.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * balance and allowance of the `_from` address's default partition.
     * @param _from The address which you want to transfer tokens from.
     * @param _to The address which you want to transfer to.
     * @param _value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    ) external override returns (bool) {
        _transferByDefaultPartition(msg.sender, _from, _to, _value, "");
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Check the value of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * allowance of the `msg.sender`'s default partition.
     * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
     * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
     * @return A uint256 specifying the value of tokens still available for the
     * spender.
     */
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender)
        external
        override
        view
        returns (uint256)
    {
        return _allowedByPartition[defaultPartition][_owner][_spender];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of
     * tokens from the default partition on behalf of 'msg.sender'.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * allowance of the `msg.sender`'s default partition.
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
     */
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) external override returns (bool) {
        _approveByPartition(defaultPartition, msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Atomically increases the allowance granted to `_spender` by the
     * for caller.
     * @dev This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     * Requirements:
     * - `_spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * allowance of the `msg.sender`'s default partition.
     * @param _spender Operator allowed to transfer the tokens
     * @param _addedValue Additional amount of the `msg.sender`s tokens `_spender`
     * is allowed to transfer
     * @return 'true' is successful, 'false' otherwise
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address _spender, uint256 _addedValue)
        external
        returns (bool)
    {
        _approveByPartition(
            defaultPartition,
            msg.sender,
            _spender,
            _allowedByPartition[defaultPartition][msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue)
        );
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `_spender` by the
     * caller.
     * @dev This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation
     * for bugs caused by reentrancy.
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     * Requirements:
     * - `_spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `_spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `_subtractedValue`.
     * @dev This method is for ERC20 compatibility, and only affects the
     * allowance of the `msg.sender`'s default partition.
     * @param _spender Operator allowed to transfer the tokens
     * @param _subtractedValue Amount of the `msg.sender`s tokens `_spender`
     * is no longer allowed to transfer
     * @return 'true' is successful, 'false' otherwise
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address _spender, uint256 _subtractedValue)
        external
        returns (bool)
    {
        _approveByPartition(
            defaultPartition,
            msg.sender,
            _spender,
            _allowedByPartition[defaultPartition][msg.sender][_spender].sub(
                _subtractedValue
            )
        );
        return true;
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /** EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS (AMP) **********************************************/
    /**************************************************************************/

    /******************************** Swap  ***********************************/

    /**
     * @notice Swap tokens to mint AMP.
     * @dev Requires `_from` to have given allowance of swap token to contract.
     * Otherwise will throw error code 53 (Insuffient Allowance).
     * @param _from Token holder to execute the swap for.
     */
    function swap(address _from) public {
        uint256 amount = swapToken.allowance(_from, address(this));
        require(amount > 0, EC_53_INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE);

        require(
            swapToken.transferFrom(_from, swapTokenGraveyard, amount),
            EC_60_SWAP_TRANSFER_FAILURE
        );

        _mint(msg.sender, _from, amount);

        emit Swap(msg.sender, _from, amount);
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Holder information ****************************/

    /**
     * @notice Get balance of a tokenholder for a specific partition.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address for which the balance is returned.
     * @return Amount of token of partition `_partition` held by `_tokenHolder` in the token contract.
     */
    function balanceOfByPartition(bytes32 _partition, address _tokenHolder)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256)
    {
        return _balanceOfByPartition[_tokenHolder][_partition];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get partitions index of a token holder.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address for which the partitions index are returned.
     * @return Array of partitions index of '_tokenHolder'.
     */
    function partitionsOf(address _tokenHolder) external view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return _partitionsOf[_tokenHolder];
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Advanced Transfers ****************************/

    /**
     * @notice Transfer tokens from a specific partition on behalf of a token
     * holder, optionally changing the parittion and optionally including
     * arbitrary data with the transfer.
     * @dev This can be used to transfer an address's own tokens, or transfer
     * a different addresses tokens by specifying the `_from` param. If
     * attempting to transfer from a different address than `msg.sender`, the
     * `msg.sender` will need to be an operator or have enough allowance for the
     * `_partition` of the `_from` address.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition to transfer from.
     * @param _from Token holder.
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _value Number of tokens to transfer.
     * @param _data Information attached to the transfer. Will contain the
     * destination partition (if changing partitions).
     * @param _operatorData Information attached to the transfer, by the operator.
     * @return Destination partition.
     */
    function transferByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes calldata _data,
        bytes calldata _operatorData
    ) external returns (bytes32) {
        return
            _transferByPartition(
                _partition,
                msg.sender,
                _from,
                _to,
                _value,
                _data,
                _operatorData
            );
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Operator Management ***************************/

    /**
     * @notice Set a third party operator address as an operator of 'msg.sender'
     * to transfer and redeem tokens on its behalf.
     * @dev The msg.sender is always an operator for itself, and does not need to
     * be explicitly added.
     * @param _operator Address to set as an operator for 'msg.sender'.
     */
    function authorizeOperator(address _operator) external {
        require(_operator != msg.sender, EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR);

        _authorizedOperator[msg.sender][_operator] = true;
        emit AuthorizedOperator(_operator, msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Remove the right of the operator address to be an operator for
     * 'msg.sender' and to transfer and redeem tokens on its behalf.
     * @dev The msg.sender is always an operator for itself, and cannot be
     * removed.
     * @param _operator Address to rescind as an operator for 'msg.sender'.
     */
    function revokeOperator(address _operator) external {
        require(_operator != msg.sender, EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR);

        _authorizedOperator[msg.sender][_operator] = false;
        emit RevokedOperator(_operator, msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set `_operator` as an operator for 'msg.sender' for a given partition.
     * @dev The msg.sender is always an operator for itself, and does not need to
     * be explicitly added to a partition.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _operator Address to set as an operator for 'msg.sender'.
     */
    function authorizeOperatorByPartition(bytes32 _partition, address _operator)
        external
    {
        require(_operator != msg.sender, EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR);

        _authorizedOperatorByPartition[msg.sender][_partition][_operator] = true;
        emit AuthorizedOperatorByPartition(_partition, _operator, msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Remove the right of the operator address to be an operator on a
     * given partition for 'msg.sender' and to transfer and redeem tokens on its
     * behalf.
     * @dev The msg.sender is always an operator for itself, and cannot be
     * removed from a partition.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _operator Address to rescind as an operator on given partition for
     * 'msg.sender'.
     */
    function revokeOperatorByPartition(bytes32 _partition, address _operator) external {
        require(_operator != msg.sender, EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR);

        _authorizedOperatorByPartition[msg.sender][_partition][_operator] = false;
        emit RevokedOperatorByPartition(_partition, _operator, msg.sender);
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Operator Information **************************/
    /**
     * @notice Indicate whether the `_operator` address is an operator of the
     * `_tokenHolder` address.
     * @dev An operator in this case is an operator across all of the partitions
     * of the `msg.sender` address.
     * @param _operator Address which may be an operator of `_tokenHolder`.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address of a token holder which may have the
     * `_operator` address as an operator.
     * @return 'true' if operator is an operator of 'tokenHolder' and 'false'
     * otherwise.
     */
    function isOperator(address _operator, address _tokenHolder)
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        return _isOperator(_operator, _tokenHolder);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Indicate whether the operator address is an operator of the
     * `_tokenHolder` address for the given partition.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _operator Address which may be an operator of tokenHolder for the
     * given partition.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address of a token holder which may have the
     * `_operator` address as an operator for the given partition.
     * @return 'true' if 'operator' is an operator of `_tokenHolder` for
     * partition '_partition' and 'false' otherwise.
     */
    function isOperatorForPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _tokenHolder
    ) external view returns (bool) {
        return _isOperatorForPartition(_partition, _operator, _tokenHolder);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Indicate when the `_operator` address is an operator of the
     * `_collateralManager` address for the given partition.
     * @dev This method is the same as `isOperatorForPartition`, except that it
     * also requires the address that `_operator` is being checked for MUST be
     * a registered collateral manager, and this method will not execute
     * partition strategy operator check hooks.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _operator Address which may be an operator of `_collateralManager`
     * for the given partition.
     * @param _collateralManager Address of a collateral manager which may have
     * the `_operator` address as an operator for the given partition.
     */
    function isOperatorForCollateralManager(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _collateralManager
    ) external view returns (bool) {
        return
            _isCollateralManager[_collateralManager] &&
            (_isOperator(_operator, _collateralManager) ||
                _authorizedOperatorByPartition[_collateralManager][_partition][_operator]);
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /***************************** Token metadata *****************************/
    /**
     * @notice Get the name of the token (Amp).
     * @return Name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get the symbol of the token (AMP).
     * @return Symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get the number of decimals of the token.
     * @dev Hard coded to 18.
     * @return The number of decimals of the token (18).
     */
    function decimals() external pure returns (uint8) {
        return uint8(18);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get the smallest part of the token that’s not divisible.
     * @dev Hard coded to 1.
     * @return The smallest non-divisible part of the token.
     */
    function granularity() external pure returns (uint256) {
        return _granularity;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get list of existing partitions.
     * @return Array of all exisiting partitions.
     */
    function totalPartitions() external view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return _totalPartitions;
    }

    /************************************************************************************************/
    /******************************** Partition Token Allowances ************************************/
    /**
     * @notice Check the value of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _owner The address which owns the tokens.
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the tokens.
     * @return The value of tokens still for the spender to transfer.
     */
    function allowanceByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _owner,
        address _spender
    ) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _allowedByPartition[_partition][_owner][_spender];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approve the `_spender` address to spend the specified amount of
     * tokens in `_partition` on behalf of 'msg.sender'.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the tokens.
     * @param _value The amount of tokens to be tokens.
     * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
     */
    function approveByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _spender,
        uint256 _value
    ) external returns (bool) {
        _approveByPartition(_partition, msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Atomically increases the allowance granted to `_spender` by the
     * caller.
     * @dev This is an alternative to {approveByPartition} that can be used as
     * a mitigation for bugs caused by reentrancy.
     * Emits an {ApprovalByPartition} event indicating the updated allowance.
     * Requirements:
     * - `_spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _spender Operator allowed to transfer the tokens
     * @param _addedValue Additional amount of the `msg.sender`s tokens `_spender`
     * is allowed to transfer
     * @return 'true' is successful, 'false' otherwise
     */
    function increaseAllowanceByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _spender,
        uint256 _addedValue
    ) external returns (bool) {
        _approveByPartition(
            _partition,
            msg.sender,
            _spender,
            _allowedByPartition[_partition][msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue)
        );
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `_spender` by the
     * caller.
     * @dev This is an alternative to {approveByPartition} that can be used as
     * a mitigation for bugs caused by reentrancy.
     * Emits an {ApprovalByPartition} event indicating the updated allowance.
     * Requirements:
     * - `_spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `_spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `_subtractedValue`.
     * @param _spender Operator allowed to transfer the tokens
     * @param _subtractedValue Amount of the `msg.sender`s tokens `_spender` is
     * no longer allowed to transfer
     * @return 'true' is successful, 'false' otherwise
     */
    function decreaseAllowanceByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _spender,
        uint256 _subtractedValue
    ) external returns (bool) {
        // TOOD: Figure out if safe math will panic below 0
        _approveByPartition(
            _partition,
            msg.sender,
            _spender,
            _allowedByPartition[_partition][msg.sender][_spender].sub(_subtractedValue)
        );
        return true;
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************ Collateral Manager Admin ************************/

    /**
     * @notice Allow a collateral manager to self-register.
     * @dev Error 0x5c.
     */
    function registerCollateralManager() external {
        // Short circuit a double registry
        require(!_isCollateralManager[msg.sender], EC_5C_ADDRESS_CONFLICT);

        collateralManagers.push(msg.sender);
        _isCollateralManager[msg.sender] = true;

        emit CollateralManagerRegistered(msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Get the status of a collateral manager.
     * @param _collateralManager The address of the collateral mananger in question.
     * @return 'true' if `_collateralManager` has self registered, 'false'
     * otherwise.
     */
    function isCollateralManager(address _collateralManager)
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        return _isCollateralManager[_collateralManager];
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************ Partition Strategy Admin ************************/
    /**
     * @notice Sets an implementation for a partition strategy identified by prefix.
     * @dev This is an administration method, callable only by the owner of the
     * Amp contract.
     * @param _prefix The 4 byte partition prefix the strategy applies to.
     * @param _implementation The address of the implementation of the strategy hooks.
     */
    function setPartitionStrategy(bytes4 _prefix, address _implementation) external {
        require(msg.sender == owner(), EC_56_INVALID_SENDER);
        require(!_isPartitionStrategy[_prefix], EC_5E_PARTITION_PREFIX_CONFLICT);
        require(_prefix != ZERO_PREFIX, EC_5F_INVALID_PARTITION_PREFIX_0);

        string memory iname = PartitionUtils._getPartitionStrategyValidatorIName(_prefix);

        ERC1820Client.setInterfaceImplementation(iname, _implementation);
        partitionStrategies.push(_prefix);
        _isPartitionStrategy[_prefix] = true;

        emit PartitionStrategySet(_prefix, iname, _implementation);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Return if a partition strategy has been reserved and has an
     * implementation registered.
     * @param _prefix The partition strategy identifier.
     * @return 'true' if the strategy has been registered, 'false' if not.
     */
    function isPartitionStrategy(bytes4 _prefix) external view returns (bool) {
        return _isPartitionStrategy[_prefix];
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /*************************** INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ***************************/
    /**************************************************************************/

    /**************************************************************************/
    /**************************** Token Transfers *****************************/

    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens from a specific partition.
     * @param _fromPartition Partition of the tokens to transfer.
     * @param _operator The address performing the transfer.
     * @param _from Token holder.
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _value Number of tokens to transfer.
     * @param _data Information attached to the transfer. Contains the destination
     * partition if a partition change is requested.
     * @param _operatorData Information attached to the transfer, by the operator
     * (if any).
     * @return Destination partition.
     */
    function _transferByPartition(
        bytes32 _fromPartition,
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes memory _data,
        bytes memory _operatorData
    ) internal returns (bytes32) {
        require(_to != address(0), EC_57_INVALID_RECEIVER);

        // If the `_operator` is attempting to transfer from a different `_from`
        // address, first check that they have the requisite operator or
        // allowance permissions.
        if (_from != _operator) {
            require(
                _isOperatorForPartition(_fromPartition, _operator, _from) ||
                    (_value <= _allowedByPartition[_fromPartition][_from][_operator]),
                EC_53_INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE
            );

            // If the sender has an allowance for the partition, that should
            // be decremented
            if (_allowedByPartition[_fromPartition][_from][_operator] >= _value) {
                _allowedByPartition[_fromPartition][_from][msg
                    .sender] = _allowedByPartition[_fromPartition][_from][_operator].sub(
                    _value
                );
            } else {
                _allowedByPartition[_fromPartition][_from][_operator] = 0;
            }
        }

        _callPreTransferHooks(
            _fromPartition,
            _operator,
            _from,
            _to,
            _value,
            _data,
            _operatorData
        );

        require(
            _balanceOfByPartition[_from][_fromPartition] >= _value,
            EC_52_INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE
        );

        bytes32 toPartition = PartitionUtils._getDestinationPartition(
            _data,
            _fromPartition
        );

        _removeTokenFromPartition(_from, _fromPartition, _value);
        _addTokenToPartition(_to, toPartition, _value);
        _callPostTransferHooks(
            toPartition,
            _operator,
            _from,
            _to,
            _value,
            _data,
            _operatorData
        );

        emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
        emit TransferByPartition(
            _fromPartition,
            _operator,
            _from,
            _to,
            _value,
            _data,
            _operatorData
        );

        if (toPartition != _fromPartition) {
            emit ChangedPartition(_fromPartition, toPartition, _value);
        }

        return toPartition;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfer tokens from default partitions.
     * @dev Used as a helper method for ERC20 compatibility.
     * @param _operator The address performing the transfer.
     * @param _from Token holder.
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _value Number of tokens to transfer.
     * @param _data Information attached to the transfer, and intended for the
     * token holder (`_from`). Should contain the destination partition if
     * changing partitions.
     */
    function _transferByDefaultPartition(
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes memory _data
    ) internal {
        _transferByPartition(defaultPartition, _operator, _from, _to, _value, _data, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Remove a token from a specific partition.
     * @param _from Token holder.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _value Number of tokens to transfer.
     */
    function _removeTokenFromPartition(
        address _from,
        bytes32 _partition,
        uint256 _value
    ) internal {
        if (_value == 0) {
            return;
        }

        _balances[_from] = _balances[_from].sub(_value);

        _balanceOfByPartition[_from][_partition] = _balanceOfByPartition[_from][_partition]
            .sub(_value);
        totalSupplyByPartition[_partition] = totalSupplyByPartition[_partition].sub(
            _value
        );

        // If the total supply is zero, finds and deletes the partition.
        // Do not delete the _defaultPartition from totalPartitions.
        if (totalSupplyByPartition[_partition] == 0 && _partition != defaultPartition) {
            _removePartitionFromTotalPartitions(_partition);
        }

        // If the balance of the TokenHolder's partition is zero, finds and
        // deletes the partition.
        if (_balanceOfByPartition[_from][_partition] == 0) {
            uint256 index = _indexOfPartitionsOf[_from][_partition];

            if (index == 0) {
                return;
            }

            // move the last item into the index being vacated
            bytes32 lastValue = _partitionsOf[_from][_partitionsOf[_from].length - 1];
            _partitionsOf[_from][index - 1] = lastValue; // adjust for 1-based indexing
            _indexOfPartitionsOf[_from][lastValue] = index;

            _partitionsOf[_from].pop();
            _indexOfPartitionsOf[_from][_partition] = 0;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a token to a specific partition.
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _value Number of tokens to transfer.
     */
    function _addTokenToPartition(
        address _to,
        bytes32 _partition,
        uint256 _value
    ) internal {
        if (_value == 0) {
            return;
        }

        _balances[_to] = _balances[_to].add(_value);

        if (_indexOfPartitionsOf[_to][_partition] == 0) {
            _partitionsOf[_to].push(_partition);
            _indexOfPartitionsOf[_to][_partition] = _partitionsOf[_to].length;
        }
        _balanceOfByPartition[_to][_partition] = _balanceOfByPartition[_to][_partition]
            .add(_value);

        if (_indexOfTotalPartitions[_partition] == 0) {
            _addPartitionToTotalPartitions(_partition);
        }
        totalSupplyByPartition[_partition] = totalSupplyByPartition[_partition].add(
            _value
        );
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a partition to the total partitions collection.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     */
    function _addPartitionToTotalPartitions(bytes32 _partition) internal {
        _totalPartitions.push(_partition);
        _indexOfTotalPartitions[_partition] = _totalPartitions.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Remove a partition to the total partitions collection.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     */
    function _removePartitionFromTotalPartitions(bytes32 _partition) internal {
        uint256 index = _indexOfTotalPartitions[_partition];

        if (index == 0) {
            return;
        }

        // move the last item into the index being vacated
        bytes32 lastValue = _totalPartitions[_totalPartitions.length - 1];
        _totalPartitions[index - 1] = lastValue; // adjust for 1-based indexing
        _indexOfTotalPartitions[lastValue] = index;

        _totalPartitions.pop();
        _indexOfTotalPartitions[_partition] = 0;
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /********************************* Hooks **********************************/
    /**
     * @notice Check for and call the 'AmpTokensSender' hook on the sender address
     * (`_from`), and, if `_fromPartition` is within the scope of a strategy,
     * check for and call the 'AmpPartitionStrategy.tokensFromPartitionToTransfer'
     * hook for the strategy.
     * @param _fromPartition Name of the partition to transfer tokens from.
     * @param _operator Address which triggered the balance decrease (through
     * transfer).
     * @param _from Token holder.
     * @param _to Token recipient for a transfer.
     * @param _value Number of tokens the token holder balance is decreased by.
     * @param _data Extra information, pertaining to the `_from` address.
     * @param _operatorData Extra information, attached by the operator (if any).
     */
    function _callPreTransferHooks(
        bytes32 _fromPartition,
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes memory _data,
        bytes memory _operatorData
    ) internal {
        address senderImplementation;
        senderImplementation = interfaceAddr(_from, AMP_TOKENS_SENDER);
        if (senderImplementation != address(0)) {
            IAmpTokensSender(senderImplementation).tokensToTransfer(
                msg.sig,
                _fromPartition,
                _operator,
                _from,
                _to,
                _value,
                _data,
                _operatorData
            );
        }

        // Used to ensure that hooks implemented by a collateral manager to validate
        // transfers from it's owned partitions are called
        bytes4 fromPartitionPrefix = PartitionUtils._getPartitionPrefix(_fromPartition);
        if (_isPartitionStrategy[fromPartitionPrefix]) {
            address fromPartitionValidatorImplementation;
            fromPartitionValidatorImplementation = interfaceAddr(
                address(this),
                PartitionUtils._getPartitionStrategyValidatorIName(fromPartitionPrefix)
            );
            if (fromPartitionValidatorImplementation != address(0)) {
                IAmpPartitionStrategyValidator(fromPartitionValidatorImplementation)
                    .tokensFromPartitionToValidate(
                    msg.sig,
                    _fromPartition,
                    _operator,
                    _from,
                    _to,
                    _value,
                    _data,
                    _operatorData
                );
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Check for 'AmpTokensRecipient' hook on the recipient and call it.
     * @param _toPartition Name of the partition the tokens were transferred to.
     * @param _operator Address which triggered the balance increase (through
     * transfer or mint).
     * @param _from Token holder for a transfer (0x when mint).
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _value Number of tokens the recipient balance is increased by.
     * @param _data Extra information related to the token holder (`_from`).
     * @param _operatorData Extra information attached by the operator (if any).
     */
    function _callPostTransferHooks(
        bytes32 _toPartition,
        address _operator,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value,
        bytes memory _data,
        bytes memory _operatorData
    ) internal {
        bytes4 toPartitionPrefix = PartitionUtils._getPartitionPrefix(_toPartition);
        if (_isPartitionStrategy[toPartitionPrefix]) {
            address partitionManagerImplementation;
            partitionManagerImplementation = interfaceAddr(
                address(this),
                PartitionUtils._getPartitionStrategyValidatorIName(toPartitionPrefix)
            );
            if (partitionManagerImplementation != address(0)) {
                IAmpPartitionStrategyValidator(partitionManagerImplementation)
                    .tokensToPartitionToValidate(
                    msg.sig,
                    _toPartition,
                    _operator,
                    _from,
                    _to,
                    _value,
                    _data,
                    _operatorData
                );
            }
        } else {
            require(toPartitionPrefix == ZERO_PREFIX, EC_5D_PARTITION_RESERVED);
        }

        address recipientImplementation;
        recipientImplementation = interfaceAddr(_to, AMP_TOKENS_RECIPIENT);

        if (recipientImplementation != address(0)) {
            IAmpTokensRecipient(recipientImplementation).tokensReceived(
                msg.sig,
                _toPartition,
                _operator,
                _from,
                _to,
                _value,
                _data,
                _operatorData
            );
        }
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /******************************* Allowance ********************************/
    /**
     * @notice Approve the `_spender` address to spend the specified amount of
     * tokens in `_partition` on behalf of 'msg.sender'.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _tokenHolder Owner of the tokens.
     * @param _spender The address which will spend the tokens.
     * @param _amount The amount of tokens to be tokens.
     */
    function _approveByPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _tokenHolder,
        address _spender,
        uint256 _amount
    ) internal {
        require(_tokenHolder != address(0), EC_56_INVALID_SENDER);
        require(_spender != address(0), EC_58_INVALID_OPERATOR);

        _allowedByPartition[_partition][_tokenHolder][_spender] = _amount;
        emit ApprovalByPartition(_partition, _tokenHolder, _spender, _amount);

        if (_partition == defaultPartition) {
            emit Approval(_tokenHolder, _spender, _amount);
        }
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /************************** Operator Information **************************/
    /**
     * @dev Indicate whether the operator address is an operator of the
     * tokenHolder address. An operator in this case is an operator across all
     * partitions of the `msg.sender` address.
     * @param _operator Address which may be an operator of '_tokenHolder'.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address of a token holder which may have the '_operator'
     * address as an operator.
     * @return 'true' if `_operator` is an operator of `_tokenHolder` and 'false'
     * otherwise.
     */
    function _isOperator(address _operator, address _tokenHolder)
        internal
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        return (_operator == _tokenHolder ||
            _authorizedOperator[_tokenHolder][_operator]);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Indicate whether the operator address is an operator of the
     * tokenHolder address for the given partition.
     * @param _partition Name of the partition.
     * @param _operator Address which may be an operator of tokenHolder for the
     * given partition.
     * @param _tokenHolder Address of a token holder which may have the operator
     * address as an operator for the given partition.
     * @return 'true' if 'operator' is an operator of 'tokenHolder' for partition
     * `_partition` and 'false' otherwise.
     */
    function _isOperatorForPartition(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _tokenHolder
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        return (_isOperator(_operator, _tokenHolder) ||
            _authorizedOperatorByPartition[_tokenHolder][_partition][_operator] ||
            _callPartitionStrategyOperatorHook(_partition, _operator, _tokenHolder));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Check if the `_partition` is within the scope of a strategy, and
     * call it's isOperatorForPartitionScope hook if so.
     * @dev This allows implicit granting of operatorByPartition permissions
     * based on the partition being used being of a strategy.
     * @param _partition The partition to check.
     * @param _operator The address to check if is an operator for `_tokenHolder`.
     * @param _tokenHolder The address to validate that `_operator` is an
     * operator for.
     */
    function _callPartitionStrategyOperatorHook(
        bytes32 _partition,
        address _operator,
        address _tokenHolder
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        bytes4 prefix = PartitionUtils._getPartitionPrefix(_partition);

        if (!_isPartitionStrategy[prefix]) {
            return false;
        }

        address strategyValidatorImplementation;
        strategyValidatorImplementation = interfaceAddr(
            address(this),
            PartitionUtils._getPartitionStrategyValidatorIName(prefix)
        );
        if (strategyValidatorImplementation != address(0)) {
            return
                IAmpPartitionStrategyValidator(strategyValidatorImplementation)
                    .isOperatorForPartitionScope(_partition, _operator, _tokenHolder);
        }

        // Not a partition format that imbues special operator rules
        return false;
    }

    /**************************************************************************/
    /******************************** Minting *********************************/
    /**
     * @notice Perform the minting of tokens.
     * @dev The tokens will be minted on behalf of the `_to` address, and will be
     * minted to the address's default partition.
     * @param _operator Address which triggered the issuance.
     * @param _to Token recipient.
     * @param _value Number of tokens issued.
     */
    function _mint(
        address _operator,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    ) internal {
        require(_to != address(0), EC_57_INVALID_RECEIVER);

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(_value);
        _addTokenToPartition(_to, defaultPartition, _value);
        _callPostTransferHooks(
            defaultPartition,
            _operator,
            address(0),
            _to,
            _value,
            "",
            ""
        );

        emit Minted(_operator, _to, _value, "");
        emit Transfer(address(0), _to, _value);
        emit TransferByPartition(bytes32(0), _operator, address(0), _to, _value, "", "");
    }
}

/* ERC1820 Pseudo-introspection Registry Contract
 * This standard defines a universal registry smart contract where any address (contract or regular account) can
 * register which interface it supports and which smart contract is responsible for its implementation.
 *
 * Written in 2019 by Jordi Baylina and Jacques Dafflon
 *
 * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related and neighboring rights to
 * this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software. If not, see
 * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
 *
 *    ███████╗██████╗  ██████╗ ██╗ █████╗ ██████╗  ██████╗
 *    ██╔════╝██╔══██╗██╔════╝███║██╔══██╗╚════██╗██╔═████╗
 *    █████╗  ██████╔╝██║     ╚██║╚█████╔╝ █████╔╝██║██╔██║
 *    ██╔══╝  ██╔══██╗██║      ██║██╔══██╗██╔═══╝ ████╔╝██║
 *    ███████╗██║  ██║╚██████╗ ██║╚█████╔╝███████╗╚██████╔╝
 *    ╚══════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═╝ ╚════╝ ╚══════╝ ╚═════╝
 *
 *    ██████╗ ███████╗ ██████╗ ██╗███████╗████████╗██████╗ ██╗   ██╗
 *    ██╔══██╗██╔════╝██╔════╝ ██║██╔════╝╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗╚██╗ ██╔╝
 *    ██████╔╝█████╗  ██║  ███╗██║███████╗   ██║   ██████╔╝ ╚████╔╝
 *    ██╔══██╗██╔══╝  ██║   ██║██║╚════██║   ██║   ██╔══██╗  ╚██╔╝
 *    ██║  ██║███████╗╚██████╔╝██║███████║   ██║   ██║  ██║   ██║
 *    ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚══════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═╝╚══════╝   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝   ╚═╝
 *
 */
pragma solidity 0.5.3;
// IV is value needed to have a vanity address starting with '0x1820'.
// IV: 53759

/// @dev The interface a contract MUST implement if it is the implementer of
/// some (other) interface for any address other than itself.
interface ERC1820ImplementerInterface {
    /// @notice Indicates whether the contract implements the interface 'interfaceHash' for the address 'addr' or not.
    /// @param interfaceHash keccak256 hash of the name of the interface
    /// @param addr Address for which the contract will implement the interface
    /// @return ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC only if the contract implements 'interfaceHash' for the address 'addr'.
    function canImplementInterfaceForAddress(bytes32 interfaceHash, address addr) external view returns(bytes32);
}


/// @title ERC1820 Pseudo-introspection Registry Contract
/// @author Jordi Baylina and Jacques Dafflon
/// @notice This contract is the official implementation of the ERC1820 Registry.
/// @notice For more details, see https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1820
contract ERC1820Registry {
    /// @notice ERC165 Invalid ID.
    bytes4 constant internal INVALID_ID = 0xffffffff;
    /// @notice Method ID for the ERC165 supportsInterface method (= `bytes4(keccak256('supportsInterface(bytes4)'))`).
    bytes4 constant internal ERC165ID = 0x01ffc9a7;
    /// @notice Magic value which is returned if a contract implements an interface on behalf of some other address.
    bytes32 constant internal ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC = keccak256(abi.encodePacked("ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC"));

    /// @notice mapping from addresses and interface hashes to their implementers.
    mapping(address => mapping(bytes32 => address)) internal interfaces;
    /// @notice mapping from addresses to their manager.
    mapping(address => address) internal managers;
    /// @notice flag for each address and erc165 interface to indicate if it is cached.
    mapping(address => mapping(bytes4 => bool)) internal erc165Cached;

    /// @notice Indicates a contract is the 'implementer' of 'interfaceHash' for 'addr'.
    event InterfaceImplementerSet(address indexed addr, bytes32 indexed interfaceHash, address indexed implementer);
    /// @notice Indicates 'newManager' is the address of the new manager for 'addr'.
    event ManagerChanged(address indexed addr, address indexed newManager);

    /// @notice Query if an address implements an interface and through which contract.
    /// @param _addr Address being queried for the implementer of an interface.
    /// (If '_addr' is the zero address then 'msg.sender' is assumed.)
    /// @param _interfaceHash Keccak256 hash of the name of the interface as a string.
    /// E.g., 'web3.utils.keccak256("ERC777TokensRecipient")' for the 'ERC777TokensRecipient' interface.
    /// @return The address of the contract which implements the interface '_interfaceHash' for '_addr'
    /// or '0' if '_addr' did not register an implementer for this interface.
    function getInterfaceImplementer(address _addr, bytes32 _interfaceHash) external view returns (address) {
        address addr = _addr == address(0) ? msg.sender : _addr;
        if (isERC165Interface(_interfaceHash)) {
            bytes4 erc165InterfaceHash = bytes4(_interfaceHash);
            return implementsERC165Interface(addr, erc165InterfaceHash) ? addr : address(0);
        }
        return interfaces[addr][_interfaceHash];
    }

    /// @notice Sets the contract which implements a specific interface for an address.
    /// Only the manager defined for that address can set it.
    /// (Each address is the manager for itself until it sets a new manager.)
    /// @param _addr Address for which to set the interface.
    /// (If '_addr' is the zero address then 'msg.sender' is assumed.)
    /// @param _interfaceHash Keccak256 hash of the name of the interface as a string.
    /// E.g., 'web3.utils.keccak256("ERC777TokensRecipient")' for the 'ERC777TokensRecipient' interface.
    /// @param _implementer Contract address implementing '_interfaceHash' for '_addr'.
    function setInterfaceImplementer(address _addr, bytes32 _interfaceHash, address _implementer) external {
        address addr = _addr == address(0) ? msg.sender : _addr;
        require(getManager(addr) == msg.sender, "Not the manager");

        require(!isERC165Interface(_interfaceHash), "Must not be an ERC165 hash");
        if (_implementer != address(0) && _implementer != msg.sender) {
            require(
                ERC1820ImplementerInterface(_implementer)
                    .canImplementInterfaceForAddress(_interfaceHash, addr) == ERC1820_ACCEPT_MAGIC,
                "Does not implement the interface"
            );
        }
        interfaces[addr][_interfaceHash] = _implementer;
        emit InterfaceImplementerSet(addr, _interfaceHash, _implementer);
    }

    /// @notice Sets '_newManager' as manager for '_addr'.
    /// The new manager will be able to call 'setInterfaceImplementer' for '_addr'.
    /// @param _addr Address for which to set the new manager.
    /// @param _newManager Address of the new manager for 'addr'. (Pass '0x0' to reset the manager to '_addr'.)
    function setManager(address _addr, address _newManager) external {
        require(getManager(_addr) == msg.sender, "Not the manager");
        managers[_addr] = _newManager == _addr ? address(0) : _newManager;
        emit ManagerChanged(_addr, _newManager);
    }

    /// @notice Get the manager of an address.
    /// @param _addr Address for which to return the manager.
    /// @return Address of the manager for a given address.
    function getManager(address _addr) public view returns(address) {
        // By default the manager of an address is the same address
        if (managers[_addr] == address(0)) {
            return _addr;
        } else {
            return managers[_addr];
        }
    }

    /// @notice Compute the keccak256 hash of an interface given its name.
    /// @param _interfaceName Name of the interface.
    /// @return The keccak256 hash of an interface name.
    function interfaceHash(string calldata _interfaceName) external pure returns(bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_interfaceName));
    }

    /* --- ERC165 Related Functions --- */
    /* --- Developed in collaboration with William Entriken. --- */

    /// @notice Updates the cache with whether the contract implements an ERC165 interface or not.
    /// @param _contract Address of the contract for which to update the cache.
    /// @param _interfaceId ERC165 interface for which to update the cache.
    function updateERC165Cache(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) external {
        interfaces[_contract][_interfaceId] = implementsERC165InterfaceNoCache(
            _contract, _interfaceId) ? _contract : address(0);
        erc165Cached[_contract][_interfaceId] = true;
    }

    /// @notice Checks whether a contract implements an ERC165 interface or not.
    //  If the result is not cached a direct lookup on the contract address is performed.
    //  If the result is not cached or the cached value is out-of-date, the cache MUST be updated manually by calling
    //  'updateERC165Cache' with the contract address.
    /// @param _contract Address of the contract to check.
    /// @param _interfaceId ERC165 interface to check.
    /// @return True if '_contract' implements '_interfaceId', false otherwise.
    function implementsERC165Interface(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) public view returns (bool) {
        if (!erc165Cached[_contract][_interfaceId]) {
            return implementsERC165InterfaceNoCache(_contract, _interfaceId);
        }
        return interfaces[_contract][_interfaceId] == _contract;
    }

    /// @notice Checks whether a contract implements an ERC165 interface or not without using nor updating the cache.
    /// @param _contract Address of the contract to check.
    /// @param _interfaceId ERC165 interface to check.
    /// @return True if '_contract' implements '_interfaceId', false otherwise.
    function implementsERC165InterfaceNoCache(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) public view returns (bool) {
        uint256 success;
        uint256 result;

        (success, result) = noThrowCall(_contract, ERC165ID);
        if (success == 0 || result == 0) {
            return false;
        }

        (success, result) = noThrowCall(_contract, INVALID_ID);
        if (success == 0 || result != 0) {
            return false;
        }

        (success, result) = noThrowCall(_contract, _interfaceId);
        if (success == 1 && result == 1) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /// @notice Checks whether the hash is a ERC165 interface (ending with 28 zeroes) or not.
    /// @param _interfaceHash The hash to check.
    /// @return True if '_interfaceHash' is an ERC165 interface (ending with 28 zeroes), false otherwise.
    function isERC165Interface(bytes32 _interfaceHash) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return _interfaceHash & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF == 0;
    }

    /// @dev Make a call on a contract without throwing if the function does not exist.
    function noThrowCall(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId)
        internal view returns (uint256 success, uint256 result)
    {
        bytes4 erc165ID = ERC165ID;

        assembly {
            let x := mload(0x40)               // Find empty storage location using "free memory pointer"
            mstore(x, erc165ID)                // Place signature at beginning of empty storage
            mstore(add(x, 0x04), _interfaceId) // Place first argument directly next to signature

            success := staticcall(
                30000,                         // 30k gas
                _contract,                     // To addr
                x,                             // Inputs are stored at location x
                0x24,                          // Inputs are 36 (4 + 32) bytes long
                x,                             // Store output over input (saves space)
                0x20                           // Outputs are 32 bytes long
            )

            result := mload(x)                 // Load the result
        }
    }
}